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CHER Committee Report

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CHAPTER FIVE: PRESERVATION

In his book, Inside Memory, Timothy Findley wrote that "Memory is survival." He might just as easily have been talking about preservation. This chapter addresses the conservation aspects of cultural policy carried out by museums, galleries, archives and libraries and related organizations such as the Canadian Conservation Institute and the Canadian Heritage Information Network. Together, these institutions, some of them in Canada's smallest communities, others in the largest cities, are responsible for collecting, storing and preserving the collective memory of our nation. Together, these institutions have built collections and holdings that enable Canadians to know their country and themselves. Together, they provide a gateway to national and international sources of information and culture.

The role of government - federal, provincial, territorial and municipal - in preservation is crucial. In 1904, when Sir Arthur Doughty was appointed Canada's first Dominion Archivist and Keeper of the Records, he asserted that a country's approach to preservation is a measure of its civilization.

The archives are, of all national assets, the most precious - they are the bequest of one generation to another, and the extent of our care of them marks the extent of our civilization.1

Throughout this report the Committee refers to various aspects of the federal government's role in creating an environment in which cultural expression and identity can thrive and to the Canadians who have contributed so much to that environment. The Committee was impressed by the strong commitment to cultural expression and identity exhibited by many well-known Canadians.

Canada's heritage institutions did not come into existence by accident. Just as it took a visionary to spearhead the creation of the National Ballet, it took visionaries to establish the National Gallery, the National Archives and the Museum of Civilization. The visionaries working in preservation are not as well known, but their contributions to Canadian cultural life have been as important as those of their more celebrated counterparts in the performing arts.

Creating Canada's National Library

The story of Dr. W. Kaye Lamb is a story of one of Canada's uncelebrated visionaries - a man who saw the need for his country to have a national library and what he did to make it happen. Fifty years ago Dr. Lamb was appointed Canada's Dominion Archivist. His reluctant acceptance of that prestigious appointment, however, was linked to Prime Minister Mackenzie King agreeing to create a National Library for Canada.

The Canadian Library Association was founded in 1947. At its annual meeting in 1948, Dr. Lamb became its president. A showcase at the meeting was an ongoing microfilming project that focused on early Canadian newspapers. Some of the material on microfilm had been written by William Lyon Mackenzie, the grandfather of Prime Minister Mackenzie King. To promote the microfilming project, it was arranged to present a copy of the film to Prime Minister King. The idea of microfilming was new to Mr. King and he became more interested and enthusiastic, as Dr. Lamb explained the possibilities of bringing scattered materials together.

During Dr. Lamb's presentation the Honourable J. W. Pickersgill, then head of the Prime Minister's personal staff, was present. Years later, he recorded Mr. King's reaction to the interview: "As soon as the delegation left the office, Mackenzie King turned to me and said: `That man should become head of the Archives right away. Find out more about him'. " 2 Soon after, Dr. Lamb was back in Ottawa from his native British Columbia to discuss a possible appointment as Dominion Archivist. As Dr. Lamb so diplomatically says, it was a proviso that his becoming the Dominion Archivist be linked to the development of a National Library for Canada. Mr. King agreed and Dr. Lamb became the Dominion Archivist.

By 1953, Canada not only had a Public Archives that was gaining in reputation, but also had a National Library, a national heritage institution dedicated to building a strong national resource enabling Canadians to know their country and themselves through their published heritage. One man's vision, and his ability to take advantage of an opportunity, made a contribution to the federal government's mission of creating an environment in which cultural expression could thrive.

The Canadian heritage sector consists of libraries, archives, galleries, museums and organizations that service them. Recent statistics for museums highlight some good news.

[Fifty-six per cent] of all Canadians visit museums annually - which is more than the number who attend all professional sporting events combined. Museums in Canada also contribute one billion dollars annually to the gross domestic product. That includes 35,000 jobs, directly and indirectly, as well as $650 million in labour income.3

Reduced funding, however, is the bad news. Funding cuts for heritage institutions affect not only their ability to provide basic services but also their ability to perform their primary functions of acquisition, preservation and exhibition. Testimony from the museum community indicated that money previously used for public programming and touring exhibitions has virtually disappeared. Public programming in archives and libraries is suffering the same fate.

The National Archives of Canada

Shortly after Confederation, parliamentarians recognized the importance of protecting Canada's documentary heritage for future generations by establishing an archival program. Unique in the world at that time, the Canadian archives collected colonial, private and public records, regardless of the medium. The National Archives of Canada has continued that proud tradition acquiring, preserving and making available records that have been used by producers of books, films and other cultural materials.

The National Archives of Canada now holds more than 79,000 linear metres of government records, 41,000 linear metres of private records, 1.2 million maps, 19 million photographs, 300,000 works of documentary art and over 200,000 hours of sound, film and video recordings.

Archives are a heavily used source of documentary evidence and information about the past for creators, artists, television and film producers, publishers, writers, historians, researchers and private citizens. In 1997, the National Archives of Canada received over 130,000 inquiries from Canadian citizens by telephone, fax and e-mail. Reference staff handled close to 15,000 in-person requests. In 1997-98, there were over nine million hits on the National Archives Web site, an increase from six million the year before.

The National Archives, its provincial counterparts, and many other archival institutions across the country have made a contribution to the international archival profession as well as to the preservation of the record of our national identity. In 1992, Canada hosted the world's archivists in Montreal; in 1996, Canadian leadership was evident when Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot, who was then Canada's National Archivist, presided over the 13th International Congress on Archives in Beijing.

The National Library of Canada

The National Library is another success story. The Library's mandate is to build a strong national resource for the study, understanding, appreciation and continued vitality of Canada's cultural heritage. The National Library facilitates access to a national and international network of information resources for Canadians. The protection and promotion of Canada's cultural heritage are key to fostering Canadians' sense of national pride. The National Library plays a pivotal role in nation building by preserving published documents and by promoting awareness of the richness of Canada's heritage.

Canada does not have a national library for the social sciences and humanities; for many years the National Library has served in this capacity, but cutbacks have forced it to abandon that role. At present, the Library concentrates on the collection of Canadiana. Cutbacks have also affected acquisitions. Formerly, the National Library purchased two copies of each work - one for use by current researchers and one to be preserved for future generations. Budget reductions now generally allow only one copy to be acquired. Because that copy must be made available to support current research, it is becoming increasingly difficult to preserve these works.

Dr. Marianne Scott, Canada's National Librarian, sees new technology as having an important role in enabling the Library to fulfil its statutory mandate. She recently described the National Library's role:

    Our responsibilities have broadened as information has globalized. The digital agenda - an important aspect of making our collections available to remote locations - is timely and costly. We must, therefore, capitalize on our strengths:

  • Our strength as the repository of the most comprehensive collection of Canadiana in the world.
  • Our strength as a leader in library technology developments and standards.
  • Our strength as a coordinator of national programs.
  • Our strength in adapting to changed circumstances and demands.4

Through mandatory legal deposit, all works published in Canada become part of the National Library's collections and are available to all Canadians. The Canadiana collection of the National Library and other repositories across the country represent an enormously rich resource for the study of Canada and its heritage. The Committee concurs with the National Library's position that the wealth of materials in the Library's Canadiana collection is "unmatched."5 To maximize the value of these resources, the Library actively promotes their use and has developed a portfolio of specialized research services, exhibits and cultural events that support the needs of writers, scholars, creative artists and the Canadian public.6

Public Libraries

For Canadians, the public library is the most frequently used of all government-supported cultural institutions. The National Library of Canada's Core Library Statistics Program identified that in 1994, some 275 million items contained in 1,719 Canadian libraries were circulated no fewer than 266 million times.7 In 1997, 8,042,891 people borrowed a staggering 158,554,437 items from Canada's public libraries. It is, therefore, not surprising that libraries are major recipients of cultural expenditures from all orders of government. As the Canadian Library Association noted in its written submission to the Committee, 30% of public expenditure on culture goes to libraries.8 However, that funding is derived mainly from provincial government sources and is directed to university and school libraries as well as to public libraries. Municipal governments also fund public and school libraries.

Although the federal government's contribution to the funding of public libraries is small compared to those of the provinces and municipalities, the Committee believes that the federal government's support of public libraries, although indirect, has been crucial in the past and will continue to be so in the future. Table 5.1 shows library expenditure levels for Canada's three orders of government for 1991 through 1995.9

The reference in the table below to a federal expenditure on libraries is to funding for the operation of the National Library of Canada, whose programs and services are available to libraries across the country.

Table 5.1
Expenditures on Canadian Libraries
($ millions)




A recent survey of Canadian experiences and attitudes with respect to the level of service provided by public and private institutions produced some surprising results. "Contrary to popular belief, Canadians rate the quality of many government services as high or higher than private sector services."10 Moreover, Canadians ranked the services of their local public library as second only to that provided by the local fire department.

Preservation is an Investment

The maturity of Canada's heritage profession and its institutions is evident throughout the heritage sector. The Government of Canada has achieved this, in part, by investing in the education of heritage professionals and technicians who organize activities in Canada's museums, archives and libraries.11 Canadian heritage professionals are often called upon by other countries for their expertise in creating exhibitions, in training and in applying their skills to the needs of other countries.

Heritage institutions are part of Canada's cultural sector in much the same way as highways are part of Canada's transportation network. All Canadians share in the cost because all Canadians benefit from them.

Witnesses congratulated the federal government for its extensive investments in the heritage sector in the 1960s and 1970s. Buildings were constructed to house our heritage institutions, art was purchased, and ambitious collection programs with generous budgets were launched. The resulting heritage infrastructure is world-class. As François Lachapelle observed:

Canada is also a country that has made significant investments in the past two generations in educating its technicians and professionals to be able to organize quality activities such as those that we are able to see in the field of museology. Canadian museums and particularly Québec museums that I am more familiar with are often called upon by other countries for their expertise in making our heritage known whether it be through exhibitions, cultural activities or education. Canadian museums have acquired acknowledged expertise with highly trained and qualified staff members.12

The Committee recognizes the past achievements of Canada's heritage institutions. However, the Committee also believes that the notion of maturity, when applied to preservation, has a quite different connotation. In some respects heritage institutions will never mature. As items are added to collections and holdings, more space is needed, more shelving is required and, eventually, more buildings will be required. As William Barkley pointed out to the Committee:

[W]e have a very restrictive collection policy at our museum, which is 114 years old. Based on our history with that restrictive policy our collections double every 20 years.13

Reductions in public funding have forced heritage institutions to abandon the notion of keeping everything. For some years now, many have been quietly removing items considered to be of marginal value. Testimony from witnesses revealed that, at present, Canadian museums acquire only 0.4% of the total output of the professional arts in Canada for preservation.14

Maturity is an elusive concept when applied to libraries, museums and galleries. Heritage institutions work in the context of very long time frames. Museums, for example, work in 500-year time frames. Objects of cultural significance, whether books, works of art, or historical records, should be acquired and preserved. Taking care of museum and library collections and archival holdings is costly. On this point, Robert Janes of the Glenbow Museum informed the Committee that:

[The] commitment to taking care of the collections is a very expensive one. We have a small collection. We only have about 1.2 million objects, but we spend close to $3.5 million a year just taking care of those objects.15

Taking care of collections and holdings is not a glamorous activity. This makes fund-raising difficult. In this period of fiscal restraint, money that was previously used to develop public programming is now being used to care for collections. Witnesses suggested that the Government of Canada has an obligation to assume responsibility for preservation on behalf of all Canadians, so that heritage institutions might focus on mounting exhibitions and delivering public programs that will bring Canadians into contact with their heritage.

[Collections] belong to everybody and it's a collective responsibility. I think one major role for government is to assume that collective responsibility on behalf of all citizens so that [museums], with our meager resources, can get on to developing education and meaning for our visiting public.16

Before leaving the subject of the federal government's role in conserving Canada's national heritage, the Committee wishes to make a recommendation concerning the urgent issue of our disappearing heritage. In 1995, Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot, then the National Archivist, chaired a federal government study on the loss of Canada's heritage. The report pointed out that of the 20 feature films produced in Canada between 1913 and 1929, "only one has survived." 17 Fading Away went on to warn Canadians that:

This vast source of information, inspiration and creativity - the most known contemporary archive of our society - is threatened. Through technological obsolescence, negligence and physical degradation of audio-visual materials, we are losing large parts of our recorded past.18

The report called upon the Government of Canada to act quickly to provide the necessary funding for the digitization of nationally significant audio-visual materials that will be lost to Canadians forever unless immediate action is taken.19

Recommendation 31

The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage take immediate action to obtain additional resources and to establish a fund dedicated to the preservation of items of national significance that are in danger of being lost through deterioration. The Department of Canadian Heritage should present a progress report to this Committee within two years of the presentation of this report.

A Reason to Remember

Since 1967, no one has asked what it is to be a Canadian. Perhaps we can't yet articulate it, but we know: we grew up to be one hundred together, and we all shared that experience. We learned to have our own style . . . The year 1967 changed us all profoundly, and we will never look back.20

Wonderful things happen when we take the time to remember and celebrate. That happened in a profound way in 1967 when Canadians celebrated their Centennial Year. The year 1967 still serves as a symbolic marker; it was the high point of the post-war era. Many of the celebrations focused on artifacts, writings, and historical records that were carefully preserved by earlier generations of Canadians in libraries, archives, galleries and museums across the country. There were also major Centennial building projects in every province and territory, resulting in such venues as the Arts and Cultural Centre in St. John's, Le Grand Théâtre de Québec in Québec City, the Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg, Performing Arts Centres in Regina and Saskatchewan, and Provincial Museums and Archives in Edmonton and Victoria and the Museum and Civic Administration Building in Whitehorse.

The Centennial Committee had money to spend on projects intended to be of national significance. This included $47 million for the Centennial Train, a history-based exhibition that travelled across Canada and was seen by nearly 10 million people - practically half the population of Canada at the time. The Committee also spent $17 million on visual and performing arts projects, $3 million on films and almost the same amount on publishing projects, such as The Dictionary of Canadian Biography. As historian Pierre Berton wryly notes in 1967 - The Last Best Year, "When the Centennial year opened there were seventeen book publishers in Canada. Within two years there were thirty nine."21

Peter Ackroyd, who worked on the Centennial celebration, describes 1967 as "a civilizing year." In The Anniversary Compulsion, he lists spending on cultural infrastructure and projects. The Federal government provided $16.5 million, the provinces and territorial governments another $18.1 million, while municipal funding and local fundraising accounted for the remaining $53.4 million. Not surprisingly, municipal projects dominate the list. Of the 2,300 Centennial projects listed by Ackroyd, by far the most popular were recreation and community centres and parks, which together accounted for more than half the total number of projects. Next came other types of municipal buildings, libraries, museums and art galleries, some 378 projects in all.22

In 1967 - The Last Best Year, Pierre Berton concludes that the triumph of the Centennial is:

not to be measured in the number of cultural monuments we erected across the land. Rather it flourished because of an awakening of spirit that seduced all of us. For an entire year we shared an invisible bond as we pondered our past and present and resolved to build a brighter future.

Preserving Canada's Cultural Facilities

It is worth recalling that Canada's Centennial projects were created by a partnership among municipal, provincial and federal governments and private initiatives. Now, 30 years later, many of the buildings that were erected to celebrate the Centennial are in need of attention. Vincent Varga reminded the Committee:

We're all ending the life cycles of our buildings and it's time that the federal government continue on and recognize its fiduciary responsibility to also maintain that infrastructure. They urged communities to build these buildings 30 some years ago so let's make sure that we maintain them for future generations as well.23

Other witnesses reminded the Committee that although governments have contributed to the building of Canada's cultural facilities there are serious gaps in the arrangements made to maintain and improve them.

During the Winnipeg round table, Zaz Bajon pointed out:

The federal government used to have a cultural initiative program in which capital money was provided, and it was a great program because it forced the province and the municipality to get involved. It was the leader . . . You know the money doesn't seem to be there.24

There are two issues related to maintaining Canada's existing cultural facilities. First, the buildings, collections and performance spaces they house are vital to the preservation of our cultural heritage. A leaky roof not only threatens the building but the contents of the building and the ability to use the space for a performance. Second, prudent government suggests that the costs of maintaining the infrastructure should be subject to long-term planning. Little is gained if maintenance is ignored until emergencies arise.

Recommendation 32

The Committee recommends that the Government of Canada re-establish a capital fund over three consecutive fiscal years, starting in 2001-2002, or sooner if possible, for essential maintenance to Canada's deteriorating cultural facilities.

Recommendation 33

The Committee recommends that the Government of Canada establish a long-term financial strategy to deal with Canada's deteriorating cultural facilities.

Some buildings are much older. The issue here is the preservation of architectural heritage. As Brian Anthony of the Heritage Canada Foundation told the Committee:

We live in a society where everything is disposable, including buildings. And our buildings, our built heritage, are the most visible and tangible aspects of our culture.25

In his presentation he provided the Committee with the example of Canada's lighthouses, which he says are at risk.

[Lighthouses are] on every postcard and . . . on every fridge magnet, and yet they'll only be existing on fridge magnets and postcards in the future unless something is done to help the custodial department in question find a workable solution to save those distinctive buildings.26

To preserve Canada's architectural heritage Mr. Anthony went on to suggest that new uses and new users should be found for such heritage buildings and sites.

Sharing Canada's Heritage

Canadian heritage institutions contain a wealth of materials. These resources are not acquired, stored and preserved for their own sake; they are maintained at great cost so that Canadians will have a permanent record of their past. The Committee is concerned that the ability of Canadians to share their cultural heritage is in jeopardy.

When federal funding through the museums assistance program was at $14 million, there were twenty travelling exhibitions in British Columbia. Although most were circulating in the province along with three or four exhibitions from other parts of Canada, four or five travelled across Canada. In 1998, however, there was only one travelling exhibition.27 As William Barkley pointed out to the Committee:

In response to the question of what the decline in federal funding has done, I think the major thing it has done to institutions such as my own is it has created a sense of isolation. I think we do wonderful programming in British Columbia, but we have no funding to get it outside the province.28

Similar evidence was presented by witnesses from libraries and archival institutions.

One of the functions of the Government of Canada is to assist and promote the sharing of our heritage, within and among provinces and territories. Indeed, the Committee believes that this should be a primary function of the federal government. The contribution of tours and exhibitions of Canada's cultural materials was addressed in Chapter Four.

Funding Research

The federal government needs to address how heritage research is supported. Many Canadian archives, museum, galleries and preservation institutions engage in research, and although such research is an essential aspect of their work, the staff in heritage institutions is generally not eligible to receive grants that are available to researchers in other disciplines or at academic institutions. A witness made this point to the Committee:

Seventy-two percent of the collection at the Royal British Columbia Museum is natural history. A biologist doing research at the museum is not eligible for grants from the federal government under the NSERC program. The researcher must be appointed to a university and then apply through the university in order to get funding to support the research. 29

The Committee believes that the question of funding for research at Canadian heritage institutions should be reviewed.

Recommendation 34

The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage, in consultation with Canada's research agencies, examine the broadening of the criteria for research funding eligibility to ensure research conducted by Canada's heritage institutions is supported, where appropriate.

The Contributions of New Technologies

New technologies are already being used for the dissemination of Canada's heritage. For example, the SchoolNet Digital Collections Program permits heritage institutions to place components of their collections online. The Internet enables heritage institutions to take advantage of a relatively inexpensive means to provide Canadians access to collections and holdings. The Internet may also be a source of additional revenue for some heritage institutions.

A notable feature of new technologies is that they allow individuals to visit galleries, archives, museums and libraries without leaving home. With a personal computer, Canadians who might not visit a library, archive, gallery or museum can do so via the Internet or a CD-ROM. This represents an opportunity for heritage institutions to reach a new audience, and to generate revenue from sales.

It is now possible for images from Canadian galleries, museums and archives to be distributed as multimedia. Online sources or access through consumer products such as CD-ROMs are becoming a low-cost and convenient way to view collections. Another possible by-product of Internet access is increased attendance at cultural venues since viewing a collection online may foster the desire to visit a heritage institution.

Management of information has always been a core business of libraries, archives, galleries and museums, and this is unlikely to change. What is likely to change, however, is the sophistication of the tools used. For example many already use the Internet and CD-ROMs to make their collections and holdings more widely accessible. Public libraries, found in communities of all sizes all across the country, provide a good example. Although the Government of Canada has no direct role in the funding of public libraries, it does play an indirect role by providing them with, among other things, resources to install and sustain what librarians refer to as "community access points," that is, a computer terminal with on-line access to the Internet.30

Recommendation 35

The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage work jointly with key federal heritage institutions and appropriate federal departments to ensure that community-based heritage institutions continue to be an access point for information about programs, services and initiatives of relevance to Canadians offered by federal heritage institutions.

New Technologies and Canada's Museums

Canadian museums use various technologies to provide information and services. The Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) provides an electronic gateway to Canada's cultural and natural heritage. It offers online services to museum visitors, libraries, schools, colleges, universities, communities and tourists. CHIN's mission is to broker effective access to Canadian and international heritage information for public education and enjoyment. CHIN also provides those who work in museums with news of upcoming events of interest to the museum community, and information about special studies conducted on topics relevant to museums. It also provides access to relevant discussion groups and connects museum professionals from around the world.

The Committee believes that the CHIN model can be applied with success in the archival sector. Archivists want to make more use of their archival materials. The Committee believes the way to do this is to use online resources to make archival materials available to a wider audience. In October 1998, the Canadian Council of Archives, published a proposal to create such a network.31

Recommendation 36

The Committee recommends that a Canadian archival information network be created that is modeled after the Canadian Heritage Information Network.

Canadians' Interest in History

The Committee shares the opinion of witnesses who argued for stronger links between schools and heritage institutions. Heritage institutions celebrate Canadian heroes and history in stories, paint, sculpture, artifacts, images, photographs, and manuscripts. Schools provide a valuable setting for learning about our shared history. By combining visits to heritage institutions with a broader history curriculum in schools, students would have more opportunities to learn about Canada.

A survey conducted by the Environics Research Group in January 1999 reveals that most Canadians support the teaching of more history in school. The survey results noted that most Canadians (97%) feel it is important for school-aged children to learn about the history of Canada and the province in which they live. Eighty-eight per cent of the survey respondents also indicated that they were interested in learning about history. Furthermore, approximately half the respondents (45%) revealed that they had learned some Canadian history outside of school. These results are summarized in Table 5.2.32

Table 5.2
Respondent Attitudes Toward Canadian History




This report envisions creation, training, production and distribution as part of a continuum. The continuum begins with the work of creators and ends, ultimately, with the consumer. Preservation is no less important than any of the other elements of this continuum because creators use libraries, archives, galleries and museums to develop their work. Tastes and interests may come and go, but the literature, art and artifacts of the past must remain. The only way to ensure that they do is for the Canadian government to invest in preservation.


1 Sir Arthur Doughty, "Canada's Record of the Wars," TS in NA. RG.37 vol. 155. Reprinted in University Magazine. Vol. XV, December 1916. p. 471-472.

2 National Library News, October 1998, Vol. 30, No. 10, p. 13.

3 Robert Janes, President, Glenbow Museum, Ottawa Round Table on the Heritage, March 10, 1998.

4 Marianne Scott, "A Word from the National Librarian," National Library News, Vol. 30, no. 12, December 1998, p. 2.

5 National Library of Canada, Submission to the Committee, April 3, 1997, p. 3.

6 Ibid, p. 4.

7 Statistics Canada, Canada's Culture, Heritage and Identity: A Statistical Perspective, Ottawa, 1997, 4.3.1. p. 85. (Note that these statistics are not a complete accounting for every library in Canada.)

8 Canadian Library Association, Brief to the Committee, March 1997, p. 2.

9 Statistics Canada, Canada's Culture Heritage and Identity: A Statistical Portrait, Ottawa, 1997 , Table 4.3.b. p. 84. "Total expenditures" include school, university, college, public, provincial and national libraries.

10 "Citizens First," October 1998. Canadian Centre for Management Development website <http://www.ccmd-ccg.gc.ca>, p.2.

11 One example is the Canadian Conservation Institute. For information on the programs and services of The Canadian Conservation Institute, see: <http://www.pch.gc.ca/cci-icc/>.

12 François Lachapelle, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.

13 William Barkley, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.

14 François Lachapelle, Director General, Corporation du musée régional de Rimouski, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.

15 Robert Janes, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998

16 Ibid.

17 Task Force on the Preservation and Enhanced Use of Canada's Audio-Visual Heritage, Fading Away: Strategic Options to Ensure the Protection of and Access to Our Audio-Visual Memory, Ottawa, June 1995, p. 4.

18 Ibid, p. i.

19 Ibid, p. 29.

20 Judy LaMarsh, Memoirs of a Bird in a Gilded Cage, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968, (quoted in Pierre Berton, 1967 - The Last Good Year, Doubleday, Toronto, 1997, p. 367).

21 Berton, p. 363-367.

22 Peter H. Ackroyd, The Anniversary Compulsion, Dundurn, Toronto, 1992, p.180-199.

23 Vincent Varga, Executive Director, Edmonton Art Gallery, Edmonton Round Table, February 24, 1999.

24 Zaz Bajon, General Manager, Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg Round Table, February 23, 1999.

25 Brian Anthony, Executive Director, Heritage Canada Foundation, Submission, Thursday, October 29, 1998.

26 Ibid.

27 William Barkley, Chief Executive Officer, Royal British Columbia Museum, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

30 The Final Report of the Information Highway Council, September 1997, Recommendation 4.9.

31 Raising CAIN, The Canadian Archival Information Network, Exploring the Collective Memory of Our Nation, October 1998, Canadian Council of Archives.

32 Environics Research Group, Interest in Canadian History, January 1999,
<http://erg.environics.net/news /history-summary.doc>