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CHAPTER FIVE: PRESERVATION
In his book, Inside Memory, Timothy Findley wrote that "Memory
is survival." He might just as easily have been talking about preservation.
This chapter addresses the conservation aspects of cultural policy carried
out by museums, galleries, archives and libraries and related organizations
such as the Canadian Conservation Institute and the Canadian Heritage Information
Network. Together, these institutions, some of them in Canada's smallest
communities, others in the largest cities, are responsible for collecting,
storing and preserving the collective memory of our nation. Together, these
institutions have built collections and holdings that enable Canadians
to know their country and themselves. Together, they provide a gateway
to national and international sources of information and culture.
The role of government - federal, provincial, territorial and municipal
- in preservation is crucial. In 1904, when Sir Arthur Doughty was appointed
Canada's first Dominion Archivist and Keeper of the Records, he asserted
that a country's approach to preservation is a measure of its civilization.
The archives are, of all national assets, the most precious - they are
the bequest of one generation to another, and the extent of our care of
them marks the extent of our civilization.1
Throughout this report the Committee refers to various aspects of the
federal government's role in creating an environment in which cultural
expression and identity can thrive and to the Canadians who have contributed
so much to that environment. The Committee was impressed by the strong
commitment to cultural expression and identity exhibited by many well-known
Canadians.
Canada's heritage institutions did not come into existence by accident.
Just as it took a visionary to spearhead the creation of the National Ballet,
it took visionaries to establish the National Gallery, the National Archives
and the Museum of Civilization. The visionaries working in preservation
are not as well known, but their contributions to Canadian cultural life
have been as important as those of their more celebrated counterparts in
the performing arts.
Creating Canada's National Library
The story of Dr. W. Kaye Lamb is a story of one of Canada's uncelebrated
visionaries - a man who saw the need for his country to have a national
library and what he did to make it happen. Fifty years ago Dr. Lamb was
appointed Canada's Dominion Archivist. His reluctant acceptance of that
prestigious appointment, however, was linked to Prime Minister Mackenzie
King agreeing to create a National Library for Canada.
The Canadian Library Association was founded in 1947. At its annual
meeting in 1948, Dr. Lamb became its president. A showcase at the meeting
was an ongoing microfilming project that focused on early Canadian newspapers.
Some of the material on microfilm had been written by William Lyon Mackenzie,
the grandfather of Prime Minister Mackenzie King. To promote the microfilming
project, it was arranged to present a copy of the film to Prime Minister
King. The idea of microfilming was new to Mr. King and he became more interested
and enthusiastic, as Dr. Lamb explained the possibilities of bringing scattered
materials together.
During Dr. Lamb's presentation the Honourable J. W. Pickersgill,
then head of the Prime Minister's personal staff, was present. Years later,
he recorded Mr. King's reaction to the interview: "As soon as the
delegation left the office, Mackenzie King turned to me and said: `That
man should become head of the Archives right away. Find out more about
him'. " 2
Soon after, Dr. Lamb was back in Ottawa from his native British Columbia
to discuss a possible appointment as Dominion Archivist. As Dr. Lamb so
diplomatically says, it was a proviso that his becoming the Dominion Archivist
be linked to the development of a National Library for Canada. Mr. King
agreed and Dr. Lamb became the Dominion Archivist.
By 1953, Canada not only had a Public Archives that was gaining in
reputation, but also had a National Library, a national heritage institution
dedicated to building a strong national resource enabling Canadians to
know their country and themselves through their published heritage. One
man's vision, and his ability to take advantage of an opportunity, made
a contribution to the federal government's mission of creating an environment
in which cultural expression could thrive.
The Canadian heritage sector consists of libraries, archives, galleries,
museums and organizations that service them. Recent statistics for museums
highlight some good news.
[Fifty-six per cent] of all Canadians visit museums annually - which
is more than the number who attend all professional sporting events combined.
Museums in Canada also contribute one billion dollars annually to the gross
domestic product. That includes 35,000 jobs, directly and indirectly, as
well as $650 million in labour income.3
Reduced funding, however, is the bad news. Funding cuts for heritage
institutions affect not only their ability to provide basic services but
also their ability to perform their primary functions of acquisition, preservation
and exhibition. Testimony from the museum community indicated that money
previously used for public programming and touring exhibitions has virtually
disappeared. Public programming in archives and libraries is suffering
the same fate.
The National Archives of Canada
Shortly after Confederation, parliamentarians recognized the importance
of protecting Canada's documentary heritage for future generations by establishing
an archival program. Unique in the world at that time, the Canadian archives
collected colonial, private and public records, regardless of the medium.
The National Archives of Canada has continued that proud tradition acquiring,
preserving and making available records that have been used by producers
of books, films and other cultural materials.
The National Archives of Canada now holds more than 79,000 linear metres
of government records, 41,000 linear metres of private records, 1.2 million
maps, 19 million photographs, 300,000 works of documentary art and over
200,000 hours of sound, film and video recordings.
Archives are a heavily used source of documentary evidence and information
about the past for creators, artists, television and film producers, publishers,
writers, historians, researchers and private citizens. In 1997, the National
Archives of Canada received over 130,000 inquiries from Canadian citizens
by telephone, fax and e-mail. Reference staff handled close to 15,000 in-person
requests. In 1997-98, there were over nine million hits on the National
Archives Web site, an increase from six million the year before.
The National Archives, its provincial counterparts, and many other archival
institutions across the country have made a contribution to the international
archival profession as well as to the preservation of the record of our
national identity. In 1992, Canada hosted the world's archivists in Montreal;
in 1996, Canadian leadership was evident when Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot, who
was then Canada's National Archivist, presided over the 13th International
Congress on Archives in Beijing.
The National Library of Canada
The National Library is another success story. The Library's mandate
is to build a strong national resource for the study, understanding, appreciation
and continued vitality of Canada's cultural heritage. The National Library
facilitates access to a national and international network of information
resources for Canadians. The protection and promotion of Canada's cultural
heritage are key to fostering Canadians' sense of national pride. The National
Library plays a pivotal role in nation building by preserving published
documents and by promoting awareness of the richness of Canada's heritage.
Canada does not have a national library for the social sciences and
humanities; for many years the National Library has served in this capacity,
but cutbacks have forced it to abandon that role. At present, the Library
concentrates on the collection of Canadiana. Cutbacks have also affected
acquisitions. Formerly, the National Library purchased two copies of each
work - one for use by current researchers and one to be preserved for future
generations. Budget reductions now generally allow only one copy to be
acquired. Because that copy must be made available to support current research,
it is becoming increasingly difficult to preserve these works.
Dr. Marianne Scott, Canada's National Librarian, sees new technology
as having an important role in enabling the Library to fulfil its statutory
mandate. She recently described the National Library's role:
Our responsibilities have broadened as information has globalized. The
digital agenda - an important aspect of making our collections available
to remote locations - is timely and costly. We must, therefore, capitalize
on our strengths:
- Our strength as the repository of the most comprehensive collection
of Canadiana in the world.
- Our strength as a leader in library technology developments and standards.
- Our strength as a coordinator of national programs.
- Our strength in adapting to changed circumstances and demands.4
Through mandatory legal deposit, all works published in Canada become
part of the National Library's collections and are available to all Canadians.
The Canadiana collection of the National Library and other repositories
across the country represent an enormously rich resource for the study
of Canada and its heritage. The Committee concurs with the National Library's
position that the wealth of materials in the Library's Canadiana collection
is "unmatched."5
To maximize the value of these resources, the Library actively promotes
their use and has developed a portfolio of specialized research services,
exhibits and cultural events that support the needs of writers, scholars,
creative artists and the Canadian public.6
Public Libraries
For Canadians, the public library is the most frequently used of all
government-supported cultural institutions. The National Library of Canada's
Core Library Statistics Program identified that in 1994, some 275 million
items contained in 1,719 Canadian libraries were circulated no fewer than
266 million times.7
In 1997, 8,042,891 people borrowed a staggering 158,554,437 items from
Canada's public libraries. It is, therefore, not surprising that libraries
are major recipients of cultural expenditures from all orders of government.
As the Canadian Library Association noted in its written submission to
the Committee, 30% of public expenditure on culture goes to libraries.8
However, that funding is derived mainly from provincial government sources
and is directed to university and school libraries as well as to public
libraries. Municipal governments also fund public and school libraries.
Although the federal government's contribution to the funding of public
libraries is small compared to those of the provinces and municipalities,
the Committee believes that the federal government's support of public
libraries, although indirect, has been crucial in the past and will continue
to be so in the future. Table 5.1 shows library expenditure levels for
Canada's three orders of government for 1991 through 1995.9
The reference in the table below to a federal expenditure on libraries
is to funding for the operation of the National Library of Canada, whose
programs and services are available to libraries across the country.
Table 5.1
Expenditures on Canadian Libraries
($ millions)
A recent survey of Canadian experiences and attitudes with respect to the
level of service provided by public and private institutions produced some
surprising results. "Contrary to popular belief, Canadians rate the
quality of many government services as high or higher than private sector
services."10
Moreover, Canadians ranked the services of their local public library as
second only to that provided by the local fire department.
Preservation is an Investment
The maturity of Canada's heritage profession and its institutions is
evident throughout the heritage sector. The Government of Canada has achieved
this, in part, by investing in the education of heritage professionals
and technicians who organize activities in Canada's museums, archives and
libraries.11
Canadian heritage professionals are often called upon by other countries
for their expertise in creating exhibitions, in training and in applying
their skills to the needs of other countries.
Heritage institutions are part of Canada's cultural sector in much the
same way as highways are part of Canada's transportation network. All Canadians
share in the cost because all Canadians benefit from them.
Witnesses congratulated the federal government for its extensive investments
in the heritage sector in the 1960s and 1970s. Buildings were constructed
to house our heritage institutions, art was purchased, and ambitious collection
programs with generous budgets were launched. The resulting heritage infrastructure
is world-class. As François Lachapelle observed:
Canada is also a country that has made significant investments in the
past two generations in educating its technicians and professionals to
be able to organize quality activities such as those that we are able to
see in the field of museology. Canadian museums and particularly Québec
museums that I am more familiar with are often called upon by other countries
for their expertise in making our heritage known whether it be through
exhibitions, cultural activities or education. Canadian museums have acquired
acknowledged expertise with highly trained and qualified staff members.12
The Committee recognizes the past achievements of Canada's heritage
institutions. However, the Committee also believes that the notion of maturity,
when applied to preservation, has a quite different connotation. In some
respects heritage institutions will never mature. As items are added to
collections and holdings, more space is needed, more shelving is required
and, eventually, more buildings will be required. As William Barkley pointed
out to the Committee:
[W]e have a very restrictive collection policy at our museum, which
is 114 years old. Based on our history with that restrictive policy our
collections double every 20 years.13
Reductions in public funding have forced heritage institutions to abandon
the notion of keeping everything. For some years now, many have been quietly
removing items considered to be of marginal value. Testimony from witnesses
revealed that, at present, Canadian museums acquire only 0.4% of the total
output of the professional arts in Canada for preservation.14
Maturity is an elusive concept when applied to libraries, museums and
galleries. Heritage institutions work in the context of very long time
frames. Museums, for example, work in 500-year time frames. Objects of
cultural significance, whether books, works of art, or historical records,
should be acquired and preserved. Taking care of museum and library collections
and archival holdings is costly. On this point, Robert Janes of the Glenbow
Museum informed the Committee that:
[The] commitment to taking care of the collections is a very expensive
one. We have a small collection. We only have about 1.2 million objects,
but we spend close to $3.5 million a year just taking care of those objects.15
Taking care of collections and holdings is not a glamorous activity.
This makes fund-raising difficult. In this period of fiscal restraint,
money that was previously used to develop public programming is now being
used to care for collections. Witnesses suggested that the Government of
Canada has an obligation to assume responsibility for preservation on behalf
of all Canadians, so that heritage institutions might focus on mounting
exhibitions and delivering public programs that will bring Canadians into
contact with their heritage.
[Collections] belong to everybody and it's a collective responsibility.
I think one major role for government is to assume that collective responsibility
on behalf of all citizens so that [museums], with our meager resources,
can get on to developing education and meaning for our visiting public.16
Before leaving the subject of the federal government's role in conserving
Canada's national heritage, the Committee wishes to make a recommendation
concerning the urgent issue of our disappearing heritage. In 1995, Dr.
Jean-Pierre Wallot, then the National Archivist, chaired a federal government
study on the loss of Canada's heritage. The report pointed out that of
the 20 feature films produced in Canada between 1913 and 1929, "only
one has survived." 17
Fading Away went on to warn Canadians that:
This vast source of information, inspiration and creativity - the most
known contemporary archive of our society - is threatened. Through technological
obsolescence, negligence and physical degradation of audio-visual materials,
we are losing large parts of our recorded past.18
The report called upon the Government of Canada to act quickly to provide
the necessary funding for the digitization of nationally significant audio-visual
materials that will be lost to Canadians forever unless immediate action
is taken.19
Recommendation 31
The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage
take immediate action to obtain additional resources and to establish a
fund dedicated to the preservation of items of national significance that
are in danger of being lost through deterioration. The Department of Canadian
Heritage should present a progress report to this Committee within two
years of the presentation of this report.
A Reason to Remember
Since 1967, no one has asked what it is to be a Canadian. Perhaps
we can't yet articulate it, but we know: we grew up to be one hundred together,
and we all shared that experience. We learned to have our own style . .
. The year 1967 changed us all profoundly, and we will never look back.20
Wonderful things happen when we take the time to remember and celebrate.
That happened in a profound way in 1967 when Canadians celebrated their
Centennial Year. The year 1967 still serves as a symbolic marker; it was
the high point of the post-war era. Many of the celebrations focused on
artifacts, writings, and historical records that were carefully preserved
by earlier generations of Canadians in libraries, archives, galleries and
museums across the country. There were also major Centennial building projects
in every province and territory, resulting in such venues as the Arts and
Cultural Centre in St. John's, Le Grand Théâtre de Québec
in Québec City, the Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg, Performing
Arts Centres in Regina and Saskatchewan, and Provincial Museums and Archives
in Edmonton and Victoria and the Museum and Civic Administration Building
in Whitehorse.
The Centennial Committee had money to spend on projects intended
to be of national significance. This included $47 million for the Centennial
Train, a history-based exhibition that travelled across Canada and was
seen by nearly 10 million people - practically half the population of Canada
at the time. The Committee also spent $17 million on visual and performing
arts projects, $3 million on films and almost the same amount on publishing
projects, such as The Dictionary of Canadian Biography. As historian Pierre
Berton wryly notes in 1967 - The Last Best Year, "When the Centennial
year opened there were seventeen book publishers in Canada. Within two
years there were thirty nine."21
Peter Ackroyd, who worked on the Centennial celebration, describes
1967 as "a civilizing year." In The Anniversary Compulsion, he
lists spending on cultural infrastructure and projects. The Federal government
provided $16.5 million, the provinces and territorial governments another
$18.1 million, while municipal funding and local fundraising accounted
for the remaining $53.4 million. Not surprisingly, municipal projects dominate
the list. Of the 2,300 Centennial projects listed by Ackroyd, by far the
most popular were recreation and community centres and parks, which together
accounted for more than half the total number of projects. Next came other
types of municipal buildings, libraries, museums and art galleries, some
378 projects in all.22
In 1967 - The Last Best Year, Pierre Berton concludes that the triumph
of the Centennial is:
not to be measured in the number of cultural monuments we erected
across the land. Rather it flourished because of an awakening of spirit
that seduced all of us. For an entire year we shared an invisible bond
as we pondered our past and present and resolved to build a brighter future.
Preserving Canada's Cultural Facilities
It is worth recalling that Canada's Centennial projects were created
by a partnership among municipal, provincial and federal governments and
private initiatives. Now, 30 years later, many of the buildings that were
erected to celebrate the Centennial are in need of attention. Vincent Varga
reminded the Committee:
We're all ending the life cycles of our buildings and it's time that
the federal government continue on and recognize its fiduciary responsibility
to also maintain that infrastructure. They urged communities to build these
buildings 30 some years ago so let's make sure that we maintain them for
future generations as well.23
Other witnesses reminded the Committee that although governments have
contributed to the building of Canada's cultural facilities there are serious
gaps in the arrangements made to maintain and improve them.
During the Winnipeg round table, Zaz Bajon pointed out:
The federal government used to have a cultural initiative program in
which capital money was provided, and it was a great program because it
forced the province and the municipality to get involved. It was the leader
. . . You know the money doesn't seem to be there.24
There are two issues related to maintaining Canada's existing cultural
facilities. First, the buildings, collections and performance spaces they
house are vital to the preservation of our cultural heritage. A leaky roof
not only threatens the building but the contents of the building and the
ability to use the space for a performance. Second, prudent government
suggests that the costs of maintaining the infrastructure should be subject
to long-term planning. Little is gained if maintenance is ignored until
emergencies arise.
Recommendation 32
The Committee recommends that the Government of Canada re-establish
a capital fund over three consecutive fiscal years, starting in 2001-2002,
or sooner if possible, for essential maintenance to Canada's deteriorating
cultural facilities.
Recommendation 33
The Committee recommends that the Government of Canada establish
a long-term financial strategy to deal with Canada's deteriorating cultural
facilities.
Some buildings are much older. The issue here is the preservation of
architectural heritage. As Brian Anthony of the Heritage Canada Foundation
told the Committee:
We live in a society where everything is disposable, including buildings.
And our buildings, our built heritage, are the most visible and tangible
aspects of our culture.25
In his presentation he provided the Committee with the example of Canada's
lighthouses, which he says are at risk.
[Lighthouses are] on every postcard and . . . on every fridge magnet,
and yet they'll only be existing on fridge magnets and postcards in the
future unless something is done to help the custodial department in question
find a workable solution to save those distinctive buildings.26
To preserve Canada's architectural heritage Mr. Anthony went on to suggest
that new uses and new users should be found for such heritage buildings
and sites.
Sharing Canada's Heritage
Canadian heritage institutions contain a wealth of materials. These
resources are not acquired, stored and preserved for their own sake; they
are maintained at great cost so that Canadians will have a permanent record
of their past. The Committee is concerned that the ability of Canadians
to share their cultural heritage is in jeopardy.
When federal funding through the museums assistance program was at $14
million, there were twenty travelling exhibitions in British Columbia.
Although most were circulating in the province along with three or four
exhibitions from other parts of Canada, four or five travelled across Canada.
In 1998, however, there was only one travelling exhibition.27
As William Barkley pointed out to the Committee:
In response to the question of what the decline in federal funding has
done, I think the major thing it has done to institutions such as my own
is it has created a sense of isolation. I think we do wonderful programming
in British Columbia, but we have no funding to get it outside the province.28
Similar evidence was presented by witnesses from libraries and archival
institutions.
One of the functions of the Government of Canada is to assist and promote
the sharing of our heritage, within and among provinces and territories.
Indeed, the Committee believes that this should be a primary function of
the federal government. The contribution of tours and exhibitions of Canada's
cultural materials was addressed in Chapter Four.
Funding Research
The federal government needs to address how heritage research is supported.
Many Canadian archives, museum, galleries and preservation institutions
engage in research, and although such research is an essential aspect of
their work, the staff in heritage institutions is generally not eligible
to receive grants that are available to researchers in other disciplines
or at academic institutions. A witness made this point to the Committee:
Seventy-two percent of the collection at the Royal British Columbia
Museum is natural history. A biologist doing research at the museum is
not eligible for grants from the federal government under the NSERC program.
The researcher must be appointed to a university and then apply through
the university in order to get funding to support the research. 29
The Committee believes that the question of funding for research at
Canadian heritage institutions should be reviewed.
Recommendation 34
The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage,
in consultation with Canada's research agencies, examine the broadening
of the criteria for research funding eligibility to ensure research conducted
by Canada's heritage institutions is supported, where appropriate.
The Contributions of New Technologies
New technologies are already being used for the dissemination of Canada's
heritage. For example, the SchoolNet Digital Collections Program permits
heritage institutions to place components of their collections online.
The Internet enables heritage institutions to take advantage of a relatively
inexpensive means to provide Canadians access to collections and holdings.
The Internet may also be a source of additional revenue for some heritage
institutions.
A notable feature of new technologies is that they allow individuals
to visit galleries, archives, museums and libraries without leaving home.
With a personal computer, Canadians who might not visit a library, archive,
gallery or museum can do so via the Internet or a CD-ROM. This represents
an opportunity for heritage institutions to reach a new audience, and to
generate revenue from sales.
It is now possible for images from Canadian galleries, museums and archives
to be distributed as multimedia. Online sources or access through consumer
products such as CD-ROMs are becoming a low-cost and convenient way to
view collections. Another possible by-product of Internet access is increased
attendance at cultural venues since viewing a collection online may foster
the desire to visit a heritage institution.
Management of information has always been a core business of libraries,
archives, galleries and museums, and this is unlikely to change. What is
likely to change, however, is the sophistication of the tools used. For
example many already use the Internet and CD-ROMs to make their collections
and holdings more widely accessible. Public libraries, found in communities
of all sizes all across the country, provide a good example. Although the
Government of Canada has no direct role in the funding of public libraries,
it does play an indirect role by providing them with, among other things,
resources to install and sustain what librarians refer to as "community
access points," that is, a computer terminal with on-line access to
the Internet.30
Recommendation 35
The Committee recommends that the Department of Canadian Heritage
work jointly with key federal heritage institutions and appropriate federal
departments to ensure that community-based heritage institutions continue
to be an access point for information about programs, services and initiatives
of relevance to Canadians offered by federal heritage institutions.
New Technologies and Canada's Museums
Canadian museums use various technologies to provide information and
services. The Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) provides an
electronic gateway to Canada's cultural and natural heritage. It offers
online services to museum visitors, libraries, schools, colleges, universities,
communities and tourists. CHIN's mission is to broker effective access
to Canadian and international heritage information for public education
and enjoyment. CHIN also provides those who work in museums with news of
upcoming events of interest to the museum community, and information about
special studies conducted on topics relevant to museums. It also provides
access to relevant discussion groups and connects museum professionals
from around the world.
The Committee believes that the CHIN model can be applied with success
in the archival sector. Archivists want to make more use of their archival
materials. The Committee believes the way to do this is to use online resources
to make archival materials available to a wider audience. In October 1998,
the Canadian Council of Archives, published a proposal to create such a
network.31
Recommendation 36
The Committee recommends that a Canadian archival information network
be created that is modeled after the Canadian Heritage Information Network.
Canadians' Interest in History
The Committee shares the opinion of witnesses who argued for stronger
links between schools and heritage institutions. Heritage institutions
celebrate Canadian heroes and history in stories, paint, sculpture, artifacts,
images, photographs, and manuscripts. Schools provide a valuable setting
for learning about our shared history. By combining visits to heritage
institutions with a broader history curriculum in schools, students would
have more opportunities to learn about Canada.
A survey conducted by the Environics Research Group in January 1999
reveals that most Canadians support the teaching of more history in school.
The survey results noted that most Canadians (97%) feel it is important
for school-aged children to learn about the history of Canada and the province
in which they live. Eighty-eight per cent of the survey respondents also
indicated that they were interested in learning about history. Furthermore,
approximately half the respondents (45%) revealed that they had learned
some Canadian history outside of school. These results are summarized in
Table 5.2.32
Table 5.2
Respondent Attitudes Toward Canadian History
This report envisions creation, training, production and distribution as
part of a continuum. The continuum begins with the work of creators and
ends, ultimately, with the consumer. Preservation is no less important
than any of the other elements of this continuum because creators use libraries,
archives, galleries and museums to develop their work. Tastes and interests
may come and go, but the literature, art and artifacts of the past must
remain. The only way to ensure that they do is for the Canadian government
to invest in preservation.
1 Sir
Arthur Doughty, "Canada's Record of the Wars," TS in NA. RG.37
vol. 155. Reprinted in University Magazine. Vol. XV, December 1916.
p. 471-472.
2 National
Library News, October 1998, Vol. 30, No. 10, p. 13.
3 Robert
Janes, President, Glenbow Museum, Ottawa Round Table on the Heritage, March
10, 1998.
4 Marianne
Scott, "A Word from the National Librarian," National Library
News, Vol. 30, no. 12, December 1998, p. 2.
5 National
Library of Canada, Submission to the Committee, April 3, 1997, p. 3.
6 Ibid,
p. 4.
7 Statistics
Canada, Canada's Culture, Heritage and Identity: A Statistical Perspective,
Ottawa, 1997, 4.3.1. p. 85. (Note that these statistics are
not a complete accounting for every library in Canada.)
8 Canadian
Library Association, Brief to the Committee, March 1997, p. 2.
9 Statistics
Canada, Canada's Culture Heritage and Identity: A Statistical Portrait,
Ottawa, 1997 , Table 4.3.b. p. 84. "Total expenditures" include
school, university, college, public, provincial and national libraries.
10
"Citizens First," October 1998. Canadian Centre for Management
Development website <http://www.ccmd-ccg.gc.ca>, p.2.
11
One example is the Canadian Conservation Institute. For information on
the programs and services of The Canadian Conservation Institute, see:
<http://www.pch.gc.ca/cci-icc/>.
12
François Lachapelle, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.
13
William Barkley, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.
14
François Lachapelle, Director General, Corporation du musée
régional de Rimouski, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10,
1998.
15
Robert Janes, Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998
16
Ibid.
17
Task Force on the Preservation and Enhanced Use of Canada's Audio-Visual
Heritage, Fading Away: Strategic Options to Ensure the Protection of
and Access to Our Audio-Visual Memory, Ottawa, June 1995, p. 4.
18
Ibid, p. i.
19
Ibid, p. 29.
20
Judy LaMarsh, Memoirs of a Bird in a Gilded Cage, Toronto: McClelland
and Stewart, 1968, (quoted in Pierre Berton, 1967 - The Last Good Year,
Doubleday, Toronto, 1997, p. 367).
21
Berton, p. 363-367.
22
Peter H. Ackroyd, The Anniversary Compulsion, Dundurn, Toronto,
1992, p.180-199.
23
Vincent Varga, Executive Director, Edmonton Art Gallery, Edmonton Round
Table, February 24, 1999.
24
Zaz Bajon, General Manager, Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg Round Table,
February 23, 1999.
25
Brian Anthony, Executive Director, Heritage Canada Foundation, Submission,
Thursday, October 29, 1998.
26
Ibid.
27
William Barkley, Chief Executive Officer, Royal British Columbia Museum,
Ottawa Round Table on Heritage, March 10, 1998.
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid.
30
The Final Report of the Information Highway Council, September 1997, Recommendation
4.9.
31
Raising CAIN, The Canadian Archival Information Network, Exploring the
Collective Memory of Our Nation, October 1998, Canadian Council of
Archives.
32
Environics Research Group, Interest in Canadian History, January 1999,
<http://erg.environics.net/news /history-summary.doc>