Chapter 20Committees

Historical Perspective

British Precedents

Committees of the British Parliament have existed in some form since the 14th century.⁵ The precursors to the first parliamentary committees were the individuals selected as Triers and Examiners of Petitions,⁶ and the earliest duty of committees, as we know them, was to draw up legislation to carry into effect those prayers or petitions to which the Crown had acceded. By the middle of the 16th century, committees formed part of the regular machinery of Parliament, modifying or improving legislation to which the House of Commons had agreed in principle. Committees had their own meeting room in the Palace of Westminster and committee practice had acquired many of its modern characteristics, including the more relaxed rules governing debate, the right to appoint subcommittees and the right to summon witnesses. However, the House was always careful to exercise control over, and responsibility for, the matters it referred to committee.

At that time, there were two types of committees: large committees of 30 to 40 members, and small committees of up to 15 members. The large committees, often composed of different classes of Members (professional, regional, functional), were established to consider substantive matters. In the beginning, they were always classified as “special” committees; that is, bodies created for a particular purpose and disbanded as soon as that purpose was discharged. Over time, some of these large committees were given sessional orders of reference (mandates) which remained in effect for the duration of a session. As “standing” committees, they were charged with an area of responsibility, such as the consideration of a class of bills or a particular department of House business.⁷ By the middle of the 17th century, a fairly elaborate system of standing committees was in place, and that system remained virtually unchanged over the next two centuries.⁸

The smaller committees, composed of only those Members who had been specifically named by the House, became known as “select” committees. While any Member could attend select committee proceedings, only those specifically named to the committee by the House could participate in the deliberations.⁹

By contrast, it became common in the large committees to allow whoever attended to participate in the discussion. As the practice of allowing any Member to speak in a large committee evolved, they came to be known as the “general” or “grand” committees. Ultimately, the membership of these committees equalled that of the House itself and they were referred to as Committees of the Whole.¹⁰ Grand committees became the preferred forum for the consideration of “bills of great concernment, and chiefly in bills to impose a tax, or raise money from the people … to the end there may be opportunity for fuller debates, for that at a committee the members have liberty to speak as often as they shall see cause, to one question”.¹¹

England’s revolutionary Long Parliament (1640–60),¹² which assumed all the powers of administration and government on behalf of the Commonwealth, effectively did away with grand committees and ruled by means of small committees. Committees of the Whole were seen to be “highly inconvenient”, affording as they did equal debating rights to the opposition.¹³

With the Restoration,¹⁴ Parliament, in 1661, once again reverted to grand committees to consider its most significant orders of business and by 1700, it had become common to examine bills in Committees of the Whole House following second reading.¹⁵ Over the years, various committees on reform continued to suggest that legislation again be referred to the small committees, but the House continued to prefer the greater openness available in the larger forum.

Committees of the Assemblies of the Two Canadas and of the United Province of Canada

Contrary to the British practice in the 19th century, where the majority of committee work was carried out in Committees of the Whole, the legislatures of Upper and Lower Canada regularly referred bills to select committees for consideration.¹⁶ In fact, the standing committee system in the two Canadas, as it evolved, more closely resembled the committee structure of the American colonial legislatures and the United States Congress than that of the British Parliament.¹⁷ A fairly sophisticated system of committees emerged during the 1830s.

In 1831, Lower Canada began appointing a number of standing committees—committees having an ongoing mandate—at the beginning of every session. Somewhat later, in 1836, the Assembly of Upper Canada appointed 12 select standing committees, touching virtually all matters of government business, a departure from its usual practice of nominating ad hoc or special committees as the need arose.¹⁸

Committees afforded Members of the legislative assemblies a degree of independence from the executive and reflected their desire to involve themselves more directly in government affairs. For this reason, the Executive Council of Upper Canada discontinued the practice of appointing standing committees following the 1837 rebellion.¹⁹ Similarly, the government of the united Province of Canada (1841–66) initially refused to institute a system of standing committees, contending this would compromise the principle of responsible government.²⁰

Development of the House of Commons Committee System

The rules respecting committees of the House of Commons in the new Dominion of Canada were inherited from the Province of Canada, and were essentially the same as those used in the legislature of Lower Canada prior to the Union Act, 1840.²¹ Efforts at reform, both before and since Confederation, have continued to reflect either the desire to improve the efficiency of the legislature or the perpetual struggle to alter the balance of power between the legislature and the executive.

Of the original Standing Orders adopted in 1867, few were directly concerned with standing or special committees. The rules did not list which committees should be established, nor specify their powers, procedures or the authority of the Chair. They did, however, deny committee membership to any individual who had declared against the matter under consideration.²² A feature of England and British parliamentary practice since at least the time of Queen Elizabeth I, this rule was not rescinded in Canada until 1955.²³

From 1867 to 1906, the list of House standing committees²⁴ was established by way of a motion adopted during each session of each Parliament, usually in the first days following the Speech from the Throne.²⁵ In 1906, the House included in the Standing Orders, for the first time, a list of “standing” committees which the House had decided should be appointed in every session, although even these committees were active only when the House specifically ordered them to consider a particular matter.²⁶ Special and joint committees, whose number and mandate varied from one year to the next, were also established during the course of each session. Also in 1906, the House instituted a committee of selection charged with nominating the standing committee membership.²⁷

Given the considerable size of most committees in the early years of Confederation (some had over 100 members), and the rule that a majority of the membership was needed for a quorum, the larger standing committees experienced considerable difficulty gathering together enough members on a regular basis to meet and transact business.²⁸ Consequently, over the years, despite some variations, the size of standing committees generally declined, with the result that, during the Twenty-Sixth Parliament, the largest standing committee membership did not exceed 15, and, during the Thirty-Ninth, it did not exceed 12. The membership of standing committees was further reduced to 10 during the Forty-First Parliament.²⁹ In addition, the number of House standing committees has varied substantially since Confederation, from 10 in 1867 to 25 in 1986, back to 17 during the Thirty-Sixth Parliament, and increasing again to 24 during the Thirty-Ninth Parliament.³⁰

Although a standing committee structure was established at Confederation, for the first 100 years most of the committees did not actually meet from one session to another and most House business was transacted on the floor of the Chamber, often in a Committee of the Whole.³¹ The House repeatedly considered enhancing the role of standing committees, particularly in relation to the study of the estimates. On several occasions, Members expressed concern over the lack of detailed scrutiny the estimates received in the House and suggested they could be studied more effectively by first referring them to standing or special committees for consideration. A proposal to this effect was referred to a special committee in February 1925.³² Although the proposal was not endorsed by the committee, the issue continued to be raised in the House. In July 1955, the House agreed to a motion providing for the withdrawal of the estimates from the Committee of Supply³³ and the referral of them to standing or special committees.³⁴ In 1958, the House added a Standing Committee on Estimates.³⁵ In 1964, a Special Committee on Procedure and Organization further proposed that, upon tabling, the main estimates be referred automatically to the standing committees.³⁶

In 1965, the Standing Orders were modified on a provisional basis permitting standing committees to examine the estimates.³⁷ However, it was not until 1968 that the House agreed to a permanent restructuring and reorientation of the committee system. Under the new rules, the main estimates would be tabled and referred to the standing committees by March 1 of each year, to be reported back, or deemed reported back, to the House by May 31. As well, provision was made for standing committee consideration of all bills (other than those based on supply, and ways and means motions) after second reading.³⁸

In 1982, the House again appointed a special committee to review the Standing Orders³⁹ and proceeded to implement several of its recommendations on a provisional basis. Among the most significant changes were those automatically referring the annual reports of departments, agencies and Crown corporations to standing committees and empowering the committees to initiate their own studies or inquiries based on the information in those reports.⁴⁰ Early in the subsequent Parliament (1984–88), the House agreed to retain the provisional changes⁴¹ and struck yet another special committee, the McGrath Committee, to inquire into the efficacy of all aspects of House procedure and administration.⁴² This committee made recommendations: to enlarge the scope of committee mandates to give standing committees “broad authority” to look into and report to the House on any matter which was relevant to the departments for which they were responsible; to create a committee structure which reflected as much as practicable the organization of government;⁴³ and to establish a Liaison Committee, consisting of the Chairs of all standing committees and appropriate Chairs or Vice-Chairs of joint committees, charged with the allocation of committee budgets.⁴⁴ Provisional changes to the Standing Orders in 1986 incorporated the majority of the Committee’s recommendations relating to committees; these changes were made permanent the following year.⁴⁵

There have been other significant changes to committees since the McGrath Committee reforms. In April 1991, the House agreed to allow committees to broadcast their proceedings within guidelines established by the Standing Committee on House Management.⁴⁶ In 1994, the rules were again amended to permit the House to instruct a committee to prepare and bring in a bill, and to refer bills to a committee before second reading.⁴⁷ The intent of these changes was to give Members an opportunity to participate in policy development before the government had committed itself to a particular legislative initiative.⁴⁸

In 2002, the House established the new Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates.⁴⁹ In so doing, it implemented some of the recommendations put forward in the report by the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs entitled “The Business of Supply: Completing the Circle of Control”.⁵⁰ It advocated the establishment of a committee to oversee and review the process whereby the estimates are considered by parliamentary committees. The Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates was given a broad mandate, including review of the effectiveness, administration and operations of government departments and central agencies.

Also in 2002, the Senate having notified the House that it would no longer participate in the Standing Joint Committee on Official Languages, the House established its own Standing Committee on Official Languages.⁵¹ In addition, the procedure for designating the Chairs and Vice-Chairs of standing and special committees was changed; if there is more than one candidate for such positions, an election is held by secret ballot.⁵² Previously, unanimous consent of committee members had been required in order to proceed in this manner. At the same time, the House formalized the long-standing practice whereby, with some exceptions, the Chairs of standing committees are to be drawn from the ranks of the government party, and their first and second Vice-Chairs from the Official Opposition and another opposition party, respectively.⁵³

In 2005, significant changes were made in the procedure for debate on motions for concurrence by the House in reports of standing and special committees, including limiting such debates to three hours.⁵⁴ In 2007, the House approved an entirely new Standing Order whereby committee deliberations are to be suspended when Members are summoned to the House for a recorded division.⁵⁵

The House made a number of changes to the Standing Orders in 2015. Notably, the House agreed to allow committee members belonging to a recognized party to append dissenting or supplementary opinions to committee reports without the explicit approval of the committee.⁵⁶ The House also created the Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Commons: Sexual Harassment, and modified the mandate of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs to include the review of and report on all matters relating to this Code.⁵⁷

In 2017, the House amended the Standing Orders to provide for the roles of Parliamentary Secretaries and Ministers on committees.⁵⁸ It also agreed to create an exception to the right for a Chair’s decision to be appealed to a committee.⁵⁹ On a provisional basis, the House amended the timelines for consideration of the main estimates, and provisionally made the consideration of interim supply similar to that of other estimates by referring the interim estimates to a committee.⁶⁰

5.: For a full description of the evolution of committees in the British Parliament, see Josef Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons: A Study of its History and Present Form, vol. II, transl. Alfred Ernest Steinthal (1908; repr., New York: AMS, 1969), pp. 203–14.
6.: For further information, see Chapter 22, “Public Petitions”.
7.: In 1571, for the first time, committees of this nature were appointed for “the subsidy”, grievances and petitions, religion and disputed elections. From 1592 onwards, elections and privileges were considered by a single sessional committee. In 1621, the House instituted a grand standing committee on trade and another on the administration of justice. These along with the committees on religion, grievances and the smaller, that is select, Privileges and Elections Committee, constituted the system of standing committees as it was to remain for two centuries. See Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, pp. 206–8.
8.: Ibid., p. 208.
9.: Ibid., p. 207.
10.: For further information on the development of Committees of the Whole, see Chapter 19, “Committees of the Whole House”. By 1628, all the standing committees, except that on Privileges, were made Committees of the Whole House. The Committee on Privileges remained a select committee. See Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, p. 209.
11.: Scobell, quoted in Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, p. 208.
12.: The Long Parliament sat during the period of the Civil War and the Commonwealth in England. See Godfrey Davies, The Oxford History of England: The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660, 2nd ed. (1937; repr., Oxford: Clarendon, 1959), pp. 97, 172.
13.: Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, p. 210.
14.: Charles II was restored to the Throne of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1660. See Davies, The Oxford History of England, 2nd ed., pp. 256–8.
15.: Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, pp. 210–1.
16.: For an expanded description of committees during this period, see Gary O’Brien, “Pre-Confederation Parliamentary Procedure: The Evolution of Legislative Practice in the Lower Houses of Central Canada, 1792–1866” (Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, 1988), p. 103.
17.: Ibid., p. 106.
18.: Ibid., p. 105.
19.: Ibid., pp. 107–8.
20.: Ibid., pp. 301–2. For further information on the principle of responsible government, see Chapter 1, “Parliamentary Institutions”.
21.: The Union Act, 1840 joined Upper and Lower Canada into the single Province of Canada ((UK), 3 & 4 Vict, c 35, reprinted in RSC 1985, Appendix II, No 4).
22.: The Member had to have stated opposition to the principle of the matter, rather than dissatisfaction with particular aspects of it. See Redlich, The Procedure of the House of Commons, p. 205.
23.: Journals, July 12, 1955, pp. 930–1.
24.: Throughout this period, the inventory of standing committees remained virtually unchanged and consisted of the committees on Privileges and Elections, Expiring Laws, Railways, Canals and Telegraph Lines, Miscellaneous Private Bills, Standing Orders, Printing, Public Accounts, Banking and Commerce, and Immigration and Colonization (subsequently renamed Agriculture and Colonization). From 1867 to 1906 as well, the House consistently agreed, by separate motions, to Standing Joint Committees on the Library of Parliament and on the Printing of Parliament (Journals, November 19, 1867, pp. 21–2; December 4, 1867, p. 48; April 14, 1887, pp. 5–6; March 14, 1906, p. 46).
25.: In 1867, 1883 and 1891, the Speech from the Throne occurred on the second sitting day (Journals, November 7, 1867, p. 5; February 9, 1883, p. 15; April 30, 1891, p. 5). In all other instances, committees were established on the first day of the new session.
26.: Legislation was dealt with in a Committee of the Whole at that time. For further information, see Chapter 19, “Committees of the Whole House”.
27.: Prior to this, the standing committee membership was drawn up and reported by a special committee “composed of leading men of the ministry and opposition”. Members were generally given one or two days to examine the lists before concurring in the report; however, it was often necessary to ask for immediate concurrence so that the Standing Committee on Standing Orders could consider petitions for private bills. These were receivable only within a limited period after the commencement of the session. The membership list included those committees regularly established since Confederation, except the Committee on Expiring Laws, which was dropped, and committees on the Library of Parliament and on the Debates of the House, which were added. See Sir John George Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada, 2nd ed. (Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1892), pp. 493–4. See, for example, Journals, January 21, 1884, p. 22; March 12, 1903, p. 22.
28.: In 1887, the Standing Committee on Railways, Canals and Telegraph Lines had a membership of 147 and thus a quorum, according to the Standing Order, of 74; the Standing Committee on Banking and Commerce had a membership of 104 and thus a quorum, by rule, of 53. The membership of the House in 1887 was 215 (Journals, April 18, 1887, pp. 17–9).
29.: In 1927, the rules regarding committees were revised. The number of members on each standing committee was cut to roughly half, and the size of the membership was set down in the Standing Orders. Quorum for each committee was set individually. See, for example, Journals, March 22, 1927, pp. 320–3. Further changes in December 1968 restricted committee membership to between 20 and 30 Members of Parliament, excepting the 12-member Committee on Procedure (Journals, December 20, 1968, pp. 554–79). At the beginning of the Thirty-Sixth Parliament, the maximum number of members was set at 16 to 18, enabling committees to reflect the proportions of party representation in a five-party House (Journals, September 23, 1997, pp. 12–3; October 1, 1997, p. 56). At the beginning of the Thirty-Ninth Parliament, the House reduced the membership of standing committees to 12 (Journals, April 5, 2006, pp. 19–20) and then again to 10 shortly after the start of the Second Session of the Forty-First Parliament (Fourth Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, presented to the House and concurred in on December 3, 2013, Journals, p. 301).
30.: Journals, November 7, 1867, p. 5; February 6, 1986, pp. 1656–7; November 4, 1987, p. 1831; September 23, 1997, pp. 12–3; April 5, 2006, pp. 19–21.
31.: C. E. S. Franks, The Parliament of Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), pp. 162–3. For further information, see Chapter 19, “Committees of the Whole House”.
32.: Journals, February 25, 1925, p. 66.
33.: From 1867 to 1968, the Committee of Supply was composed of the membership of the Whole House. The Committee debated every request for supply (interim, main estimates and supplementary estimates). For further information, see Chapter 18, “Financial Procedures”.
34.: Journals, July 12, 1955, pp. 881, 926–7.
35.: Journals, May 30, 1958, p. 71.
36.: Journals, December 14, 1964, pp. 985–96.
37.: Journals, June 11, 1965, pp. 229–30.
38.: Journals, December 20, 1968, pp. 554–79.
39.: Special Committee on Standing Orders and Procedure (Journals, May 31, 1982, pp. 4892–3). The Committee, chaired by Tom Lefebvre (Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle), is commonly referred to as the Lefebvre Committee.
40.: Third Report of the Special Committee on Standing Orders and Procedure (Parliamentary reform and changes to the Standing Orders), Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, November 4, 1982, Issue No. 7, pp. 3–41, presented to the House on November 5, 1982 (Journals, p. 5328). See also Journals, November 29, 1982, p. 5400.
41.: Journals, December 7, 1984, p. 164.
42.: Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons (Journals, December 5, 1984, pp. 153–4). The Committee, chaired by James McGrath (St. John’s East), is commonly referred to as the McGrath Committee.
43.: Third Report of the Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons, pp. 16–27, presented to the House on June 18, 1985 (Journals, p. 839).
44.: Third Report of the Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons, pp. 22–5, presented to the House on June 18, 1985 (Journals, p. 839).
45.: Journals, February 6, 1986, pp. 1644–66; February 11, 1986, p. 1696; February 13, 1986, p. 1710; June 1, 1987, pp. 968–80; June 2, 1987, pp. 984–97; June 3, 1987, pp. 1002–28.
46.: Journals, April 11, 1991, pp. 2905–32, in particular p. 2929. For further information, see “Broadcasting of Committee Proceedings” under the section in this chapter entitled “Committee Proceedings”.
47.: Journals, February 7, 1994, pp. 112–8; Standing Orders 68 and 73. For further information, see Chapter 16, “The Legislative Process”.
48.: Debates, February 7, 1994, pp. 957–62. Prior to this time, there had been occasions where committees were empowered by their orders of reference to draft legislative proposals or to bring in a bill. See, for example, the establishment of the Special Joint Committee empowered to study Bill C-43, An Act to provide for greater certainty in the reconciliation of the personal interests and duties of office of the Members of the Senate and of the House of Commons, to establish a Conflict of Interests Commission and to make consequential amendments to other Acts; Journals, November 22, 1991, pp. 717–8.
49.: Journals, May 27, 2002, pp. 1431–2.
50.: Fifty-First Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, presented to the House on December 10, 1998 (Journals, p. 1435). The House had earlier requested that the government make every effort to act on the report’s recommendations (Journals, March 12, 2002, pp. 1167–8).
51.: Journals, October 10, 2002, p. 59 (Message from the Senate); November 7, 2002, pp. 181–2 (striking of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Official Languages).
52.: Standing Order 106(3).
53.: Journals, November 5, 2002, pp. 162–4. For further information, see “Methods of Designation” under the section in this chapter entitled “Committee Membership, Leadership and Staff”.
54.: This was originally included in various provisional amendments to the Standing Orders (Journals, February 18, 2005, pp. 451–5) that were subsequently made permanent (Seventeenth Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, presented to the House on October 20, 2006 (Journals, p. 556), and concurred in on October 25, 2006 (Journals, pp. 577–9)).
55.: Forty-Eighth Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, presented to the House and concurred in on May 9, 2007 (Journals, pp. 1376, 1378).
56.: The House concurred in the Twenty-Eighth Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs on February 4, 2015 (Journals, p. 2092). For further information, see “To Append Dissenting or Supplementary Opinions or Recommendations to a Report” under the section in this chapter entitled “Committee Powers”.
57.: The House concurred in the Thirty-Eighth Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs on June 9, 2015, (Journals, p. 2677). For further information, see Chapter 4, “The House of Commons and Its Members”.
58.: Standing Orders 104(5) and (6) and 114(2)(e) and (f); Journals, June 20, 2017, pp. 2010–6.
59.: Standing Order 116(2); Journals, June 20, 2017, pp. 2010–6.
60.: Standing Order 81(3) and (6). Standing Order 81 was provisionally amended in June 2017 and in effect for the remainder of the Forty-Second Parliament (Journals, June 20, 2017, pp. 2010–6).

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